Publication Name	World Journal of Biological Chemistry
Manuscript ID	117645
Country	Morocco

Category	Immunology
Manuscript Type	Review
Article Title	Clinical utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	Abdellatif Bouayad
Funding Agency and Grant Number
Corresponding Author	Abdellatif Bouayad, Associate Professor, MD, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Hay Al Hikma, P.O. Box 4867, Oujda 60049, Oriental Region, Morocco. a.bouayad@ump.ac.ma
Key Words	Human leukocyte antigen; Immunoglobulin G4 autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Neurological diseases; Autoimmune neurological diseases
Core Tip	Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules present peptides derived from neuronal and glial membrane proteins to CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T cells and interleukin (IL)-10-producing regulatory subsets. In the IL-10-rich milieu associated with chronic antigen exposure, B cells undergo immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) class switching and differentiate into high-affinity plasma cells and memory cells, thereby driving the production of pathogenic IgG4 neuro-autoantibodies. These antibodies disrupt protein-protein interactions rather than inducing classical inflammatory responses. IgG4 neuro-autoantibodies are mainly detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid using cell-based assays, although these assays are labor-intensive and require specialized cell culture and transfection facilities. HLA typing may have clinical relevance in patients with intrathecal IgG4 antibodies and may help explain specific phenotypic associations in anti-Ig-like domain-containing protein 5 disease, including the increased frequency of sleep and bulbar manifestations. Distinct HLA associations also underlie the divergent clinical profiles observed in leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 and contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody diseases.
Citation	Bouayad A. Clinical Utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview. World J Biol Chem 2026; In press

Received	2025-12-12 00:03
Peer-Review Started	2025-12-12 00:03
First Decision by Editorial Office Director	2026-01-07 08:43
Return for Revision	2026-01-07 08:43
Revised	2026-01-15 13:19
Publication Fee Transferred
Second Decision by Editor	2026-02-02 02:42
Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief
Final Decision by Editorial Office Director	2026-02-02 14:37
Articles in Press	2026-02-02 14:37
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor
Typeset the Manuscript

ISSN	1949-8454 (online)
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