Publication Name	World Journal of Transplantation
Manuscript ID	118288
Country	United States

Category	Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Manuscript Type	Minireviews
Article Title	Immunosuppression and vascular remodeling after liver transplantation: Mechanisms, surrogate markers, and modifiable pathways
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	Sarah Jahangir, Mohammed Zohery, Clarimar Diaz Lopez, Jenna Carter Hamed, Shiza Sarfraz, Hafsa Ashraf, Taha Rafiq, Hadeera Ali, Muhammad Raza, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Mohamed Khalaf and Hassam Ali
Funding Agency and Grant Number
Corresponding Author	Hassam Ali, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, East Carolina University - Brody School of Medicine, 2100 Statonsburg Road, Greenville, NC 27834, United States. hassamali155@gmail.com
Key Words	Liver transplantation; Immunosuppression; Vascular remodeling; Endothelial dysfunction; Cardiovascular disease; Calcineurin inhibitors; Metabolic complications; Arterial stiffness; Graft survival
Core Tip	Long-term survival after liver transplantation is increasingly limited by cardiovascular disease driven by immunosuppression-associated vascular remodeling. This review highlights how commonly used immunosuppressive agents, particularly calcineurin inhibitors and corticosteroids, promote endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, and metabolic injury, while alternative strategies such as mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor-based regimens and antimetabolites may reduce vascular harm. We emphasize noninvasive vascular markers and individualized immunosuppression as emerging tools to balance graft protection with long-term cardiovascular health in liver transplant recipients.
Citation	Jahangir S, Zohery M, Diaz Lopez C, Hamed JC, Sarfraz S, Ashraf H, Rafiq T, Ali H, Raza M, Dahiya DS, Khalaf M, Ali H. Immunosuppression and vascular remodeling after liver transplantation: Mechanisms, surrogate markers, and modifiable pathways World J Transplant 2026; In press

Received	2025-12-29 01:26
Peer-Review Started	2025-12-29 01:26
First Decision by Editorial Office Director	2026-01-14 08:25
Return for Revision	2026-01-14 08:25
Revised	2026-02-02 17:12
Publication Fee Transferred
Second Decision by Editor	2026-03-11 02:35
Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief
Final Decision by Editorial Office Director	2026-03-11 08:49
Articles in Press	2026-03-11 08:49
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor
Typeset the Manuscript

ISSN	2220-3230 (online)
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Copyright	© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
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