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Publication Name World Journal of Gastroenterology
Manuscript ID 127625
DOI 10.3748/wjg.127625
Country China
Category Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Manuscript Type Retrospective Cohort Study
Article Title Machine learning as a decision-support tool for spontaneous bacterial empyema and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis
Manuscript Source Unsolicited Manuscript
All Author List Zhi-Ji Chen, Xin Ge, Jia-Yao Xu, Yu-Hong Zhang, Mei Yang, Lin-Hong Mao, Yu-Mei Wang, Ping Chen, Zhen Zhu, Fang Tang, Chun-Yan Luo, Jin-Fang Liu, Bo-Yi Wu, Xing-Shun Qi, Trevor Kwan-Hung Wu, Lung-Yi Mak, Li Zhou, Liang-Zhi Wen, Song He, Hao-Lin Wang and Zhi-Hang Zhou
Funding Agency and Grant Number
Funding Agency Grant Number
National Natural Science Foundation of China 82373003, 82573112, and 82570664
New Chongqing Youth Innovation Talents CSTB2024NSCQ-QCXMX0010
Chongqing Science and Health Joint Key Project 2024ZDXM031
Chongqing Medical University Major Science and Technology Talent Project
Corresponding Author Zhi-Hang Zhou, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400010, China. zhouzhihang@cqmu.edu.cn
Key Words Spontaneous bacterial empyema; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; Cirrhosis; Machine learning; Diagnosis
Core Tip Bacterial infections are common and are associated with high mortality in patients with cirrhosis. In this multicenter retrospective study, a Neural Additive Model- retrieval-augmented tabular deep learning (NAM-TABR) model was developed as a decision-support tool for spontaneous bacterial empyema (SBE) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). For SBE, the traditional polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) cutoff showed limited sensitivity, whereas the NAM-TABR model increased the Youden index from 0.480 to 0.618, achieving area under the curves (AUCs) of 0.865 (internal) and 0.925 (external), respectively. For SBP, PMN > 50 × 106/L improved the Youden index compared to PMN > 250 × 106/L (0.534 vs 0.429), and the NAM-TABR model further increased it to 0.635, with AUCs of 0.885 (internal) and 0.823 (external), respectively.
Citation Chen ZJ, Ge X, Xu JY, Zhang YH, Yang M, Mao LH, Wang YM, Chen P, Zhu Z, Tang F, Luo CY, Liu JF, Wu BY, Qi XS, Wu TKH, Mak LY, Zhou L, Wen LZ, He S, Wang HL, Zhou ZH. Machine learning as a decision-support tool for spontaneous bacterial empyema and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2026; In press
PDF 127625-in-press.pdf
Received
2026-09-03 08:56
Peer-Review Started
2026-09-03 08:56
First Decision by Editorial Office Director
Return for Revision
2026-09-23 07:02
Revised
2026-10-04 15:30
Publication Fee Transferred
2026-10-28 12:40
Second Decision by Editor
2026-11-05 01:55
Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief
Final Decision by Editorial Office Director
2026-11-05 09:14
Articles in Press
2026-11-05 09:14
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor
Typeset the Manuscript
ISSN 1007-9327 (print) and 2219-2840 (online)
Open Access This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Copyright ©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
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