Publication Name	World Journal of Nephrology
Manuscript ID	108406
Country	Malaysia

Category	Chemistry, Analytical
Manuscript Type	Minireviews
Article Title	Saliva as a non-invasive biomarker for chronic kidney disease: Challenges and potential in disease monitoring
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	Mohammad Abu Raihan Uddin, Tuan Salwani Tuan Ismail, Wan Nor Fazila Hafizan Wan Nik, Wan Nor Arifin and Salbiah Isa
Funding Agency and Grant Number
Corresponding Author	Tuan Salwani Tuan Ismail, Associate Professor, Endocrinology laboratory, Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia. tusti@usm.my
Key Words	Saliva-based monitoring; Non-invasive diagnostics; Salivary biomarkers; Chronic kidney disease
Core Tip	Saliva-based diagnostics offer a promising, non-invasive alternative for monitoring chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in resource-limited or outpatient settings. This review highlights that salivary urea and creatinine, especially via the spitting method, show consistent correlations with serum levels, supporting their potential use in CKD screening and monitoring. However, salivary parathyroid hormone and calcium exhibit weaker associations due to physiological and analytical limitations. Standardization of collection methods and further mechanistic and clinical research are essential to optimize the clinical utility of salivary biomarkers in CKD.
Citation	Abu Raihan Uddin M, Tuan Ismail TS, Wan Nik WNFH, Arifin WN, Isa S. Saliva as a non-invasive biomarker for chronic kidney disease: Challenges and potential in disease monitoring. World J Nephrol 2025; In press

Received	2025-04-14 03:13
Peer-Review Started	2025-04-15 00:02
To Make the First Decision
Return for Revision	2025-05-01 03:14
Revised	2025-05-14 10:17
Second Decision	2025-08-04 02:52
Accepted by Journal Editor-in-Chief
Accepted by Executive Editor-in-Chief	2025-08-04 10:41
Articles in Press	2025-08-04 10:41
Publication Fee Transferred
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor	2025-08-10 01:16
Typeset the Manuscript

ISSN	2220-6124 (online)
Open Access	This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Copyright	Saliva-based diagnostics offer a promising, non-invasive alternative for monitoring chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in resource-limited or outpatient settings. This review highlights that salivary urea and creatinine, especially via the spitting method, show consistent correlations with serum levels, supporting their potential use in CKD screening and monitoring. However, salivary parathyroid hormone and calcium exhibit weaker associations due to physiological and analytical limitations. Standardization of collection methods and further mechanistic and clinical research are essential to optimize the clinical utility of salivary biomarkers in CKD.
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