Publication Name	World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
Manuscript ID	112868
Country	China

Category	Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Manuscript Type	Minireviews
Article Title	Anal sphincter reconstruction for fecal incontinence: Techniques, outcomes, and future directions
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	Hai-Liang Li, Hao-Ran Zhang, Yuan Wu, Kai-Qiang He, Tian-Jie Chen and Jing Wang
Funding Agency and Grant Number	Funding Agency Grant Number Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou SL2022A03J00756
Corresponding Author	Hai-Liang Li, PhD, Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Huichuan Avenue, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou Province, China. lihailiang5612@163.com
Key Words	Fecal incontinence; Sphincter reconstruction; Overlapping sphincteroplasty; Sacral nerve stimulation; Regenerative medicine
Core Tip	Anal sphincter reconstruction is essential for fecal incontinence with structural defects. Overlapping sphincteroplasty provides good short-term results for acute injuries, though long-term efficacy often declines. Dynamic muscle transposition or artificial sphincters offer options for complex cases, despite significant complication risks. Sacral nerve stimulation demonstrates excellent sustained efficacy for neuromuscular dysfunction. Combining sphincteroplasty with sacral nerve stimulation represents a promising strategy for mixed defects. Regenerative approaches show potential but require further validation. Optimizing outcomes hinges on precise patient selection, multidisciplinary collaboration, and robust clinical trials to establish long-term safety and efficacy of evolving techniques.
Citation	Li HL, Zhang HR, Wu Y, He KQ, Chen TJ, Wang J. Anal sphincter reconstruction for fecal incontinence: Techniques, outcomes, and future directions. World J Gastrointest Surg 2025; In press

Received	2025-08-08 05:34
Peer-Review Started	2025-08-08 05:35
To Make the First Decision
Return for Revision	2025-09-01 07:51
Revised	2025-09-12 15:21
Second Decision	2025-09-30 02:46
Accepted by Journal Editor-in-Chief
Accepted by Executive Editor-in-Chief	2025-09-30 04:19
Articles in Press	2025-09-30 04:19
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor
Typeset the Manuscript

ISSN	1948-9366 (online)
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