Publication Name	World Journal of Biological Chemistry
Manuscript ID	107042
Country	Oman

Received	2025-03-13 14:39
Peer-Review Started	2025-03-13 14:39
To Make the First Decision
Return for Revision	2025-03-27 10:55
Revised	2025-04-10 08:34
Second Decision	2025-05-07 02:46
Accepted by Journal Editor-in-Chief
Accepted by Executive Editor-in-Chief	2025-05-07 13:47
Articles in Press	2025-05-07 13:47
Publication Fee Transferred
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor
Typeset the Manuscript	2025-05-27 07:38
Publish the Manuscript Online	2025-05-30 02:05

ISSN	1949-8454 (online)
Open Access	This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Copyright	©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Article Reprints	For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
Permissions	For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
Publisher	Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
Website	http://www.wjgnet.com

Category	Immunology
Manuscript Type	Minireviews
Article Title	Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: Immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune diseases
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	Moosa Al-Hamadani, Mahmoud Darweesh, Saeed Mohammadi and Ahmed Al-Harrasi
Funding Agency and Grant Number	Funding Agency Grant Number Oman Ministry of Higher Education BFP/RGP/HSS/24/015
Corresponding Author	Saeed Mohammadi, Assistant Professor, PhD, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, PO Box 33, Nizwa 616, Ad Dakhiliyah, Oman. s.mohammadi@unizwa.edu.om
Key Words	Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Autoimmune diseases; Immunomodulation; Toll-like receptor; Autophagy
Core Tip	Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are antimalarial drugs repurposed for autoimmune diseases. CQ and HCQ work through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of Toll-like receptor signaling, suppression of antigen presentation, and modulation of autophagy. These drugs have shown clinical efficacy in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. CQ and HCQ are generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile compared to many conventional immunosuppressants. Long-term use of CQ and HCQ can lead to ocular toxicity, necessitating regular ophthalmologic evaluations. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of CQ and HCQ in autoimmune diseases.
Publish Date	2025-05-30 02:05
Citation	<p>Al-Hamadani M, Darweesh M, Mohammadi S, Al-Harrasi A. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: Immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune diseases. <i>World J Biol Chem</i> 2025; 16(2): 107042</p>
URL	https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8454/full/v16/i2/107042.htm
DOI	https://dx.doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v16.i2.107042

Full Article (PDF)	WJBC-16-107042-with-cover.pdf
Manuscript File	107042_Auto_Edited_062326.docx
Answering Reviewers	107042-answering-reviewers.pdf
Audio Core Tip	107042-audio.m4a
Conflict-of-Interest Disclosure Form	107042-conflict-of-interest-statement.pdf
Copyright License Agreement	107042-copyright-assignment.pdf
Approved Grant Application Form(s) or Funding Agency Copy of any Approval Document(s)	107042-foundation-statement.pdf
Non-Native Speakers of English Editing Certificate	107042-non-native-speakers.pdf
Peer-review Report	107042-peer-reviews.pdf
Scientific Misconduct Check	107042-scientific-misconduct-check.png
Scientific Editor Work List	107042-scientific-editor-work-list.pdf
CrossCheck Report	107042-crosscheck-report.pdf