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12/10/2025 7:54:05 AM | Browse: 24 | Download: 86
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Received |
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2025-07-07 10:18 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2025-07-07 10:18 |
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First Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2025-08-01 10:02 |
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Return for Revision |
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2025-08-01 10:02 |
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Revised |
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2025-08-04 14:24 |
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Publication Fee Transferred |
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Second Decision by Editor |
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2025-10-27 02:38 |
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Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief |
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Final Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2025-10-27 06:09 |
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Articles in Press |
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2025-10-27 06:09 |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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2025-11-02 16:48 |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2025-12-04 07:31 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2025-12-10 07:48 |
| ISSN |
1007-9327 (print) and 2219-2840 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Gastroenterology & Hepatology |
| Manuscript Type |
Observational Study |
| Article Title |
Decoding Alexander the Great’s gastrointestinal cause of death using artificial wisdom: An ai-human inquiry into a medical mystery
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| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
An-Lai Zhou, Joelle Yee-Hui Chiang, Kai Siang Chan, Nicole Tan and Vishal G Shelat |
| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
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| Corresponding Author |
An-Lai Zhou, Department of General Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore City 308433, Singapore. zhouanlai99@gmail.com |
| Key Words |
Artificial intelligence; Artificial wisdom; History; Alexander; Typhoid; Campylobacter jejuni |
| Core Tip |
While ChatGPT is an impressive tool, its conclusions still require human validation. Although ChatGPT identified typhoid fever with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) as the most likely cause of Alexander the Great’s death, cross-checking both the available literature and the sources cited by ChatGPT revealed that Campylobacter jejuni, a more common and well-established cause of GBS, better fits the clinical and historical presentation. This study shows how artificial wisdom, which combines artificial intelligence with human judgment, can support more contextually accurate interpretations in historical medical investigations. |
| Publish Date |
2025-12-10 07:48 |
| Citation |
Zhou AL, Chiang JYH, Chan KS, Tan N, Shelat VG. Decoding Alexander the Great’s gastrointestinal cause of death using artificial wisdom: An ai-human inquiry into a medical mystery. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(46): 111669 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i46/111669.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.111669 |
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