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12/4/2025 8:55:22 AM | Browse: 7 | Download: 20
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Received |
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2025-07-10 06:17 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2025-07-10 06:17 |
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First Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2025-07-17 10:14 |
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Return for Revision |
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2025-07-17 10:14 |
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Revised |
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2025-07-22 17:27 |
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Publication Fee Transferred |
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2025-07-23 21:44 |
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Second Decision by Editor |
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2025-10-27 02:41 |
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Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief |
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Final Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2025-10-27 05:40 |
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Articles in Press |
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2025-10-27 05:40 |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2025-12-02 00:55 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2025-12-04 06:40 |
| ISSN |
1949-8454 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology |
| Manuscript Type |
Review |
| Article Title |
Fatty liver reexamined choline and mitochondrial toxin amelioration
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| Manuscript Source |
Unsolicited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Joseph Mercola |
| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
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| Corresponding Author |
Joseph Mercola, Researcher, Independent Researcher, Midwestern University, 555 31st St, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States. drm@mercola.com |
| Key Words |
Choline; Citicoline; Fatty liver disease; Linoleic acid; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Phosphatidylcholine; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Phospholipid metabolism; Dietary intervention; Hepatic steatosis |
| Core Tip |
This review recasts fatty liver disease as a reversible mitochondrial toxicosis driven by linoleic acid (LA) and ethanol when choline intake is inadequate. It collates pre-clinical and pilot clinical evidence showing that bioavailable, gut microbial trimethylamine N oxide-sparing choline carriers (citicoline, α glycerophosphocholine), together with LA restriction or alcohol abstinence, restore phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine balance, revive hepatic respiration and shrink intrahepatic fat. This dual nutrition-first approach targets the root bioenergetic defect, offering a low-risk route to halt steatosis progression and warrants large, randomized trials. |
| Publish Date |
2025-12-04 06:40 |
| Citation |
Mercola J. Fatty liver reexamined choline and mitochondrial toxin amelioration. World J Biol Chem 2025; 16(4): 111831 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8454/full/v16/i4/111831.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v16.i4.111831 |
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