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3/5/2026 6:28:58 AM | Browse: 9 | Download: 11
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Received |
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2025-12-12 00:03 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2025-12-12 00:03 |
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First Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2026-01-07 08:43 |
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2026-01-07 08:43 |
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Revised |
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2026-01-15 13:19 |
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Second Decision by Editor |
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2026-02-02 02:42 |
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Final Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2026-02-02 14:37 |
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Articles in Press |
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2026-02-02 14:37 |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2026-02-09 00:44 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2026-03-05 06:04 |
| ISSN |
1949-8454 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Immunology |
| Manuscript Type |
Review |
| Article Title |
Clinical utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview
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| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Abdellatif Bouayad |
| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
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| Corresponding Author |
Abdellatif Bouayad, Associate Professor, MD, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Hay Al Hikma, P.O. Box 4867, Oujda 60049, Oriental Region, Morocco. a.bouayad@ump.ac.ma |
| Key Words |
Human leukocyte antigen; Immunoglobulin G4 autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Neurological diseases; Autoimmune neurological diseases |
| Core Tip |
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules present peptides derived from neuronal and glial membrane proteins to CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T cells and interleukin (IL)-10-producing regulatory subsets. In the IL-10-rich milieu associated with chronic antigen exposure, B cells undergo immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) class switching and differentiate into high-affinity plasma cells and memory cells, thereby driving the production of pathogenic IgG4 neuro-autoantibodies. These antibodies disrupt protein-protein interactions rather than inducing classical inflammatory responses. IgG4 neuro-autoantibodies are mainly detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid using cell-based assays, although these assays are labor-intensive and require specialized cell culture and transfection facilities. HLA typing may have clinical relevance in patients with intrathecal IgG4 antibodies and may help explain specific phenotypic associations in anti-Ig-like domain-containing protein 5 disease, including the increased frequency of sleep and bulbar manifestations. Distinct HLA associations also underlie the divergent clinical profiles observed in leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 and contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody diseases. |
| Publish Date |
2026-03-05 06:04 |
| Citation |
Bouayad A. Clinical utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview. World J Biol Chem 2026; 17(1): 117645 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8454/full/v17/i1/117645.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v17.i1.117645 |
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