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TITLEMandatory meningococcal vaccine, and other recommended immunisations: Uptake, barriers, and facilitators among health care workers and trainees at HajjAUTHOR(s)Al-Mamoon Badahdah, Mohammad Alfelali, Amani S Alqahtani, Saeed Alsharif, Osamah Barasheed, Harunor Rashid; the Hajj Research TeamCITATIONBadahdah AM, Alfelali M, Alqahtani AS, Alsharif S, Barasheed O, Rashid H; the Hajj Research Team. Mandatory meningococcal vaccine, and other recommended immunisations: Uptake, barriers, and facilitators among health care workers and trainees at Hajj. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6(16): 1128-1135URLhttps://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v6/i16/1128.htmDOIhttps://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v6.i16.1128OPEN ACCESSThis article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/CORE TIPThis survey aimed to assess the uptake of the meningococcal, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among health care workers (HCWs) within the Hajj workforce, and to explore the facilitators and barriers for their uptake. Key findings of this study are: some HCWs in Hajj, mostly males, failed to receive these vaccines, including the compulsory meningococcal vaccine. Health authoritys recommendation was the main motivator. Lack of awareness about vaccines and the respondents perception that they were up-to-date with all vaccinations; were the two main barriers.KEY WORDSInfluenza; Meningococcal disease; Hajj; Health care workers; Pneumococcal disease; Vaccine uptakeCOPYRIGHT The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.NAME OF JOURNALWorld Journal of Clinical CasesISSN2307-8960PUBLISHERBaishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7901 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 501, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USAWEBSITEHttp://www.wjgnet.com
Name of Journal: World Journal of Clinical Cases
Manuscript NO: 42482
ManuscriptType: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Observational Study
Mandatory meningococcal vaccine, and other recommended immunisations: Uptake, barriers, and facilitators among health care workers and trainees at Hajj
Badahdah AM et al. Hajj research team
Al-Mamoon Badahdah, Mohammad Alfelali, Amani S Alqahtani, Saeed Alsharif, Osamah Barasheed, Harunor Rashid; the Hajj Research Team
Al-Mamoon Badahdah, Mohammad Alfelali, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
Al-Mamoon Badahdah, Mohammad Alfelali, Osamah Barasheed, Harunor Rashid, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Childrens Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
Al-Mamoon Badahdah, Mohammad Alfelali, Osamah Barasheed, Harunor Rashid, the Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
Amani S Alqahtani, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13312, Saudi Arabia
Saeed Alsharif, Command and Control Centre of Infectious Diseases of Public Health Department of Ministry of Health, Taif 26521, Saudi Arabia
Osamah Barasheed, the Executive Administration of Research and Innovation at King Abdullah Medical City in Holy Capital, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
Harunor Rashid, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
ORCIDnumber: Al-Mamoon Badahdah (0000-0001-7421-6435); Mohammad Alfelali (0000-0002-4046-2045); Amani S Alqahtani (0000-0002-6320-118X); Saeed Alsharif (0000-0002-4317-8509); Osamah Barasheed (0000-0002-9335-6019); Harunor Rashid (0000-0003-2286-5139).
Author contributions: Rashid H, Alqahtani AS and Barasheed O contributed to study conception and design; Badahdah AM and Alfelali M contributed to data acquisition; Badahdah AM and Alsharif S contributed to data analysis and interpretation and writing of article; Badahdah AM, Alfelali M, Alqahtani AS, Alsharif S, Barasheed O and Rashid H contributed to editing, reviewing and final approval of article.
Institutional review board statement: This study was reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah Medical City, Saudi Arabia (Ref: 15-202).
Informed consent statement: Respondents completion of the survey was considered as their implied consent, so signed informed consent was not obtained, and no identifiable personal data were collected.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Dr Rashid has received fees from Sanofi, Pfizer and Novartis for consulting or serving on an advisory board. The other authors have no conflict of interest in relation to this manuscript.
STROBE statement: The guidelines of the STROBE Statement have been adopted.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: HYPERLINK "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Manuscriptsource:Invitedmanuscript
Corresponding author to: Harunor Rashid, MBBS, MD, Doctor, Senior Lecturer, Senior Researcher, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Childrens Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. HYPERLINK "mailto:harunor.rashid@health.nsw.gov.au" harunor.rashid@health.nsw.gov.au
Telephone: +61-2-98451489
Fax: +61-2-98451418
Received: October 2, 2018
Peer-review started: October 2, 2018
First decision: October 11, 2018
Revised: October 19, 2018
Accepted: November 23, 2018
Article in press:
Published online: December 26, 2018
Abstract
AIM
To evaluate the uptake of a mandatory meningococcal, a highly recommended influenza, and an optional pneumococcal vaccine, and to explore the key factors affecting vaccination rate among health care workers (HCWs) during the Hajj.
METHODS
An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was distributed among HCWs and trainees who worked or volunteered at the Hajj 2015-2017 through their line managers, or by visiting their hospitals and healthcare centres in Makkah and Mina. Overseas HCWs who accompanied the pilgrims or those who work in foreign Hajj medical missions were excluded. Pearsons (2 test was used to compare categorical variables and odds ratio (OR) was calculated by risk estimate statistics along with 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
RESULTS
A total of 138 respondents aged 20 to 59 (median 25.6) years with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1 participated in the survey. Only 11.6% (16/138) participants reported receiving all three vaccines, 15.2% (21/138) did not receive any vaccine, 76.1% (105/138) received meningococcal, 68.1% (94/138) influenza and 13.8% (19/138) pneumococcal vaccine. Females were more likely to receive a vaccine than males (OR 3.6, 95%CI: 1.0-12.7, P < 0.05). Willingness to follow health authoritys recommendation was the main reason for receipt of vaccine (78.8%) while believing that they were up-to-date with vaccination (39.8%) was the prime reason for non-receipt.
CONCLUSION
Many HCWs at Hajj miss out the compulsory and highly recommended vaccines; lack of awareness is a key barrier and authoritys advice is an important motivator. Health education followed by stringent measures may be required to improve their vaccination rate.
Key words: Hajj; Health care workers; Influenza; Meningococcal disease; Pneumococcal disease; Vaccine uptake
The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Core tip: This survey aimed to assess the uptake of the meningococcal, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among health care workers (HCWs) within the Hajj workforce, and to explore the facilitators and barriers for their uptake. Key findings of this study are: some HCWs in Hajj, mostly males, failed to receive these vaccines, including the compulsory meningococcal vaccine. Health authoritys recommendation was the main motivator. Lack of awareness about vaccines and the respondents perception that they were up-to-date with all vaccinations; were the two main barriers.
Badahdah AM, Alfelali M, Alqahtani AS, Alsharif S, Barasheed O, Harunor Rashid H; the Hajj Research Team. Mandatory meningococcal vaccine, and other recommended immunisations: Uptake, barriers, and facilitators among health care workers and trainees at Hajj. World J Clin Cases 2018; In press
INTRODUCTION
Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering event that takes place in designated areas in Makkah, Saudi Arabia where two to three million people assemble from all corners of the world on specific dates of the last month of the lunar calendar. Establishing a healthy environment during Hajj is one of the strategic objectives of the host country ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Memish, 2011 #1" 1, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Al-Tawfiq, 2014 #2" 2]. Intense congestion during Hajj along with compromised hygiene, shared accommodation and air pollution amplify the risk of meningococcal and other air-borne diseases including influenza and pneumonia ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Al-Tawfiq, 2017 #3" 3].
In the last few decades, meningococcal outbreaks from Hajj gathering have been a major global public health concern ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Badahdah, 2018 #4" 4-6]. Two major intercontinental outbreaks of meningococcal disease occurred during Hajj seasons of 1987 (caused by serogroup A) and again during 2000-01 season (caused by serogroup W) affected thousands of individuals globally ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Yezli, 2016 #6" 6-9]. Currently, it is compulsory for anyone, including health care workers (HCWs) who are going to attend congregation, serve pilgrims or reside in Hajj zones whether as pilgrims or seasonal workers to be vaccinated with a quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (against serogroups A, C, W and Y) ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Al-Tawfiq, 2017 #3" 3].
Lately seasonal influenza and pneumonia have been major morbidities among Hajj pilgrims ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Memish, 2010 #10" 10-12]. More than 90% of pilgrims develop at least one respiratory symptom while at Hajj ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Deris, 2010 #14" 13]. Respiratory viruses, especially influenza, are the most common causes of acute respiratory infections among pilgrims ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Memish, 2010 #10" 10, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Rashid, 2008 #16" 14-16]. The attack rate of influenza among pilgrims ranges from 4% and 15% ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Gautret, 2016 #19" 17, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Alfelali, 2014 #20" 18]. Currently, influenza vaccination is strongly recommended for Hajj pilgrims and their carers, especially for individuals at higher risk of severe influenza ADDIN EN.CITE Zeitouni201541414117Zeitouni, M. O.Al Barrak, A. M.Al-Moamary, M. S.Alharbi, N. S.Idrees, M. M.Al Shimemeri, A. A.Al-Hajjaj, M. S.Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.The Saudi Thoracic Society guidelines for influenza vaccinationsAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicineAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicineAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicine223-301042015/12/152015Oct-Dec1817-1737 (Print)
1998-355726664559Pmc465228710.4103/1817-1737.167065Nlmeng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Zeitouni, 2015 #41" 19].
Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalisation, admission to intensive care units, and severe sepsis and septic shock during Hajj ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Madani, 2006 #12" 12, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Baharoon, 2009 #21" 20-22]. The point prevalence of pneumonia has risen substantially during Hajj, as it reached up to 340/100000 pilgrims among Iranian in 2005 compared to 4.8/100000 reported in 1986 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Al-Tawfiq, 2016 #24" 23-25]. Studies revealed an increase of the pneumococcal nasal carriage up to 2.7-fold before and after Hajj ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Memish, 2015 #27" 26, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Benkouiten, 2014 #28" 27]. The Saudi Thoracic Society and independent experts also recommend pneumococcal vaccines especially for those at higher risk of complications ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Rashid, 2013 #29" 28, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Alharbi, 2016 #30" 29].
An estimated 70000 emergency room visits and 12000 hospitalisations occur during a typical Hajj season, and a physician needs to see over 600 patients and a nurse looks after about 400 patients per day during Hajj ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Almalki, 2011 #31" 30]. To cater for such a large number of pilgrims each year about 30000 HCWs are mobilised from across Saudi Arabia to the Hajj sites in Makkah and Madinah; also, many trainee medics wilfully volunteer at Hajj.
Unvaccinated personnel who have contact with patients put themselves, their colleagues and patients at risk of preventable diseases. Coexistence of Hajj setting as well as excessive workload environment may double these risks. For instance, Al-Asmary et al ADDIN EN.CITE Al-Asmary200732323217Al-Asmary, SaeedAl-Shehri, Abdul-SalamAbou-Zeid, AlaaAbdel-Fattah, MoatazHifnawy, TamerEl-Said, TarekAcute respiratory tract infections among Hajj medical mission personnel, Saudi ArabiaInternational journal of infectious diseasesInternational journal of infectious diseases268-27211320071201-9712[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_31" \o "Al-Asmary, 2007 #32" 31] found that a quarter of HCW in Hajj medical admission developed acute respiratory infections, contact with pilgrims was a significant risk factor for acquisition of this infection. Thus, ensuring vaccinations of HCWs at Hajj is very important to protect themselves and their patients. These include mandatory meningococcal vaccine, and highly recommended influenza vaccine; both are funded for HCWs who care for Hajj pilgrims. Yet, the uptake of these vaccines among HCWs at Hajj has been suboptimal ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_31" \o "Al-Asmary, 2007 #32" 31-35], there is no data on pneumococcal vaccine uptake among HCWs at Hajj. In previous reports non-availability of vaccine and lack of time were key barriers to vaccination among HCWs at Hajj ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_34" \o "Ahmed, 2011 #35" 34, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_35" \o "AlQuliti, 2015 #36" 35], however the latest data are not known, and no data on facilitators of vaccination.
To this end, we have conducted a survey to evaluate the uptake of meningococcal, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among HCWs at Hajj, and explored the key factors that affected vaccine uptake including facilitators of vaccination.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted among HCWs and trainees who were employed in Saudi Arabia and worked or volunteered during the Hajj 2015-2017. The survey was distributed among HCWs, including trainees and students who volunteered at Hajj, through their line managers, or by visiting their hospitals and healthcare centres in Makkah and Mina, a major Hajj spot at the outskirt of Makkah. The survey link was sent to the potential participants via short message service, WhatsApp Messenger or email. Overseas HCWs who accompanied the pilgrims or those who work in foreign Hajj medical missions were excluded. Following invitation, the potential respondents acknowledged their acceptance to participate electronically before starting to fill the e-form. The questionnaire included questions about their demographics such as age, gender, current employment, presence or absence of chronic medical conditions, including diabetes, bronchial asthma, other lung or heart diseases, and malignancies. Any participant reporting at least one of these underlying medical conditions a n d / o r a g e d e" 6 5 y e a r s w a s c o n s i d e r e d a t i n c r e a s e d r i s k . T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e t h e n a s k e d i f t h e H C W s r e c e i v e d m e n i n g o c o c c a l , i n f l u e n z a a n d p n e u m o c o c c a l v a c c i n e s a s a p a r t o f t h e i r p r e p a r a t i o n f o r s e c o n d m e n t a t H a j j . I t a l s o a s k e d a b o u t t h e r e a s o n s f o r r e c e i pt or non- receipt of vaccines. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v.25.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). Pearsons (2 test was used to compare categorical variables and risk estimate statistics was used to calculate odds ratio (OR). A two-tailed P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
This study was reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah Medical City, Saudi Arabia (Ref: 15-202). Respondents completion of the survey was considered as their implied consent, so signed informed consent was not obtained, and no identifiable personal data were collected.
RESULTS
A total of 138 respondents participated in the survey. Among participants who declared their age (3 did not declare age) the age ranged from 20 to 59 (median 25.6) years with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. Students/trainee HCWs formed the largest group (41%) followed by nurses (28%) and physicians (16%). Eight per cent (n = 11) respondents were at increased risk either because of age or having a pre-existing medical condition. Sixty six per cent (91/138) of the respondents attended Hajj at least once in the past (Table 1).
Of all respondents, 11.6% (16/138) reported receiving all three (meningococcal, influenza, pneumococcal) vaccines, 15.2% (21/138) did not receive any of the vaccines, another 2.9% (4/138) were unsure of their vaccination status. Females were more likely to receive a vaccine than males [OR 3.6, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): (1.0-12.7), P < 0.05].
As for meningococcal vaccine, 76.1% (105/138) reported receiving it, 21.7% (30/138) did not receive, and 2.2% (3/138) were unsure (Table 1). Of those who attended Hajj for the first time, 27.7% (13/47) reported not receiving meningococcal vaccine that means 9.4% (13/138) of the whole sample never received this vaccine at all. Sixty two per cent (86/138 received both meningococcal and influenza vaccines. Vaccination against meningococcal disease was significantly higher in females than males (OR 3.8, 95%CI: 1.2-11.6, P = 0.01). Sixty eight per cent (94/138)) reported receiving influenza vaccine, 29% (40/138) did not and 3% (4/138) were unsure. Again, vaccination rate was significantly higher in females than males (OR 2.9, 95%CI: 1.1-7.1, P = 0.02). Only 13.8% (19/138) declared receiving the pneumococcal vaccine as preparation for their Hajj duty, 75.4% (104/138) not received, and 10.9% (15/138) were unsure. No gender difference was observed in the uptake of pneumococcal vaccine.
The reasons for receipt and non-receipt of vaccines are listed in Figures 1 and 2 respectively, willingness to follow health authoritys recommendation was the main reason for receipt of vaccine (78.8%) while believing that they were up-to-date with vaccination and hence did not need any more vaccines (39.8%), and unawareness of Hajj vaccines (31.9%) were the prime reasons for non-receipt.
DISCUSSION
This survey aimed to assess the uptake of the three (meningococcal, influenza, pneumococcal) vaccines among HCWs, a key working group during Hajj, and to explore the important barriers and facilitators. The key findings of this study are that some HCWs at Hajj, mostly males, failed to receive the key Hajj vaccines including the compulsory meningococcal vaccine. Health authoritys recommendation was the main motivator. Lack of awareness about vaccines and a false perception that the respondents were up-to-date with all vaccinations were the two single most important barriers.
Despite the historical importance of meningococcal disease and mandatory requirement of vaccination against it for attending Hajj, at least 9% HCWs and trainees failed to receive the freely available compulsory meningococcal vaccine. In fact, such a poor vaccine uptake was reported in surveys conducted among HCWs in 2003, 2009 and 2014 with the respective uptake 82.4%, 67.1% and 69.1% ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_32" \o "Madani, 2007 #33" 32, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_33" \o "Memish, 2012 #34" 33, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_35" \o "AlQuliti, 2015 #36" 35]. Non vaccination against a fatal disease among HCWs, who often provide intensive medical care to ill pilgrims, is a grave concern.
Meningococcal vaccination is a visa requirement for international pilgrims, so the vaccine coverage is essentially 100% ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_36" \o "Memish, 2014 #37" 36, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_37" \o "El Bashir, 2007 #38" 37], however domestic pilgrims and HCWs evade such requirement leading to suboptimal vaccination rate as low 64% among domestic pilgrims compared to 100% vaccination rate among UK pilgrims ADDIN EN.CITE El Bashir200738383817El Bashir, HaithamRashid, HarunorMemish, Ziad A.Shafi, ShujaMeningococcal vaccine coverage in Hajj pilgrimsThe LancetThe Lancet134336995702007Elsevier0140-6736https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60625-410.1016/S0140-6736(07)60625-42018/08/27[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_37" \o "El Bashir, 2007 #38" 37]. However, achieving optimum vaccination by the appropriate vaccine is still challenge even among the overseas pilgrims. For instance, a minority of Nigerian pilgrims were found to be vaccinated with the monovalent meningococcal serogroup A vaccine whereas the policy was to use the quadrivalent ACWY vaccine ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_38" \o "Memish, 2014 #39" 38]. Occasional use of fake vaccination certificate was another challenge in some countries ADDIN EN.CITE Bateman200240404017Bateman, ChrisHaj threat creates huge fraud potentialSouth African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskundeS Afr Med JSouth African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskundeS Afr Med JSouth African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskundeS Afr Med J178-179923FraudTravel20022002/03//0256-957412040930http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12040930PubMedeng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_39" \o "Bateman, 2002 #40" 39].
Influenza vaccination of HCWs during Hajj is highly recommended ADDIN EN.CITE Zeitouni201541414117Zeitouni, M. O.Al Barrak, A. M.Al-Moamary, M. S.Alharbi, N. S.Idrees, M. M.Al Shimemeri, A. A.Al-Hajjaj, M. S.Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.The Saudi Thoracic Society guidelines for influenza vaccinationsAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicineAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicineAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicine223-301042015/12/152015Oct-Dec1817-1737 (Print)
1998-355726664559Pmc465228710.4103/1817-1737.167065Nlmeng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Zeitouni, 2015 #41" 19], yet 29% participants in this study reported not receiving it before attending Hajj. Four previous studies evaluated the coverage of influenza vaccination among HCWs in Hajj with the uptake ranged from as low as 5.9% in 2003, to 61.6% in 2005, 50.9% in 2009 and 52.7% in 2013-15 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_31" \o "Al-Asmary, 2007 #32" 31-33, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_40" \o "Alfelali, 2018 #42" 40]. Even the uptake of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic vaccine remained between 22% and 47% ADDIN EN.CITE Ahmed201135353517Ahmed, Gasmelseed YBalkhy, Hanan HBafaqeer, SalehAl-Jasir, BadrAlthaqafi, AbdulhakeemAcceptance and adverse effects of H1N1 vaccinations among a cohort of national guard health care workers during the 2009 Hajj seasonBMC research notesBMC research notes614120111756-0500Memish201234343417Memish, Ziad AAssiri, Abdullah MAlshehri, MohammedHussain, RaheelaAlomar, IbrahimThe prevalance of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in Makkah during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemicTravel medicine and infectious diseaseTravel Med Infect DisTravel medicine and infectious disease18-2410120121477-8939[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_33" \o "Memish, 2012 #34" 33, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_34" \o "Ahmed, 2011 #35" 34].
The uptake rate in non-Hajj setting is almost similar, ranging from 21% to 51% in several surveys conducted between 2003 and 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_41" \o "Alshammari, 2014 #43" 41-45], and among Saudi medical students it reached 57.2% in 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_46" \o "Abalkhail, 2017 #48" 46]. Furthermore, a strong vaccine hesitancy was revealed in a recent study where 13% of HCWs reported not taking influenza vaccine in the past, and would not receive it in the future ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_47" \o "Alabbad, 2018 #49" 47].
Although recent increase in influenza vaccination rate is promising, the suboptimal uptake in this important occupational group, who are expected to be vaccinated even when not serving at Hajj, is a concern. Recently, Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health (MoH) have made the Basic Infection Control Skills License (BICSL), mandatory for all HCWs. BICSL licensure includes, among others, receiving meningococcal and influenza vaccines and the measure is expected to enhance the coverage of both vaccines among HCWs.
The lower uptake rate of meningococcal and influenza vaccines among males could be due to their lower preventative sense, notably towards preemptive and pre-travel advices, or could be a chance finding seeing that most of the survey participants were male ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_48" \o "Schlagenhauf, 2010 #50" 48]. A Dutch study involving Hajj pilgrims showed that being a female was an independent predictor for accepting dTP vaccine ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_49" \o "Keles, 2011 #51" 49].
Although no official recommendation for routine pneumococcal vaccination for HCWs exists, experts have recommended it for Hajj attendees considered to be at increased risk ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Rashid, 2013 #29" 28, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Alharbi, 2016 #30" 29]. Our findings showed suboptimal vaccination rate (13.8%) even among at increased risk group (27.3%). Previously, a much lower vaccination rate (1.5%) was reported among at increased risk international pilgrims, however, much higher uptake (29%-48%) among at increased risk pilgrims from developed countries is reported ADDIN EN.CITE Alqahtani201552525217Alqahtani, A. S.Rashid, H.Heywood, A. E.Vaccinations against respiratory tract infections at HajjClinical Microbiology and InfectionClinical Microbiology and Infection115-127212Hajjinfluenzamass gatheringMeccapilgrimagerespiratory tract infectionsvaccine effectivenessvaccine uptake20152015/02/01/1198-743Xhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X14001128https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.026[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_50" \o "Alqahtani, 2015 #52" 50].
Promisingly, the main reason for receipt of vaccines was to follow the health authoritys recommendation but there were several key misperceptions. A false belief among HCWs that they were up-to-date with their vaccinations and that they did not need any more vaccines for Hajj attendance was a key barrier. This belief may have stemmed from their lack of awareness about the requirement and the availability of the source of Hajj vaccines, and their presumption that just for joining the congregation they may not need the vaccinations since they were local residents. HCWs reliance on other preventive measures and their claimed ability to know how to ward off an infection without vaccination were other important barriers. Some of these barriers were previously reported among HCWs serving at Hajj ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_34" \o "Ahmed, 2011 #35" 34, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_35" \o "AlQuliti, 2015 #36" 35]. Workplace vaccination campaigns could make a difference and was found to be successful in Saudi Arabia. For instance, assigning a dedicated nurse in each department to conduct vaccinations during an annual in-hospital campaign increased staff influenza vaccination up to three folds at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia (from 29% to 77%, 81% and 67%) ADDIN EN.CITE Al-Otaibi201047474717Al-Otaibi, B. M.El-Saed, A.Balkhy, H. H.Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States and WHO Collaborating Center for Infection Prevention and Control, Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia E-mail: balkhyh@hotmail.comInfluenza vaccination among healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia: Facing challengesAnn Thorac MedAnnals of Thoracic MedicineAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicineAnn Thorac MedAnnals of thoracic medicine120-1522010Apr-Jun1817-1737 (Print)20582182Pmc288319810.4103/1817-1737.62480eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_45" \o "Al-Otaibi, 2010 #47" 45].
The strength of this survey is that it gives a very quick snapshot about Hajj HCWs uptake of three vaccines: a mandatory vaccine (meningococcal), a highly desirable vaccine (influenza), and an optional vaccine (pneumococcal), and for the first time provides insight on motivators of vaccination. However, this study is fraught with limitations. Small sample size is a key limitation of this survey, HCWs are too busy to complete a survey form, hence like most other surveys involving HCWs at Hajj it has a small sample size. Also, the data are self-reported, and we had no way to validate their vaccination histories but since HCWs are expected to have sufficient health literacy the information are considered to be reliable. The survey did not distinguish between polysaccharide and conjugate meningococcal vaccines, and both vaccines were used in Saudi Arabia during the survey period. Furthermore, the questionnaire did not distinguish those who received the meningococcal vaccine in the previous years versus the current year. Finally, since the survey was online and because we wanted to make it simple for the busy HCWs, we did not ask about reasons for receipt or non-receipt of individual vaccines, so the responses received could be meant for any one or all the three vaccines.
In conclusion, this survey shows that many HCWs at Hajj miss out the compulsory and highly recommended vaccines; lack of awareness is a key barrier and authoritys advice is an important motivator. Health education followed by stringent measures may be required to improve their vaccination rate. Evaluation of the role of on-going measures such as workplace vaccination campaigns and the BICSL is needed to better understand the uptake of vaccination among HCWs at Hajj.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
In the last few decades, meningococcal outbreaks from Hajj gathering have been a major global public health concern. It is now compulsory for anyone who is going to attend Hajj congregation or serve the pilgrims to be vaccinated with a quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (against serogroups A, C, W and Y). Seasonal influenza vaccine is also highly advised for all Hajj attendees, and pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for pilgrims with co-morbidities.
Research motivation
The uptake of these vaccines among health care workers (HCWs) at Hajj has been suboptimal and there is no data on pneumococcal vaccine uptake. In previous reports non-availability of vaccine and lack of time were key barriers to vaccination among HCWs at Hajj, however there is no data on facilitators of vaccination.
Research objectives
The objectives are to evaluate the uptake of meningococcal, influenza, pneumococcal vaccines among HCWs who serve at Hajj, and to explore the key factors, including facilitators, affecting their vaccination rate.
Research methods
An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted among HCWs and trainees who worked or volunteered at the Hajj 2015-2017 in Makkah and Mina. Pearsons chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables; and odds ratio (OR) was calculated by risk estimate statistics along with 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
Research results
A total of 138 respondents aged 20 to 59 (median 25.6) years with a male to female ratio of 2.5 participated in the survey. Only 11.6% (16/138) participants reported receiving all three vaccines, 15.2% (21/138) did not receive any vaccine; 76.1% (105/138) received meningococcal, 68.1% (94/138) influenza and 13.8% (19/138) pneumococcal vaccine. Females were more likely to receive a vaccine than males (OR 3.6, 95%CI: 1.0-12.7, P < 0.05). Willingness to follow health authoritys recommendation was the main reason for receipt of vaccine (78.8%) while believing that they were up-to-date with vaccination (39.8%) was the prime reason for non-receipt.
Research conclusions
This survey shows that many HCWs at Hajj miss out the compulsory and highly recommended vaccines; lack of awareness is a key barrier and authoritys advice is an important motivator.
Research perspectives
Achieving satisfactory vaccination coverage among local HCWs at Hajj remains a challenge. Health education followed by stringent measures may be required to improve their vaccination rate. Evaluation of the role of workplace vaccination campaigns and the Basic Infection Control Skills License should be considered to better understand the uptake of vaccination among HCWs at Hajj.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the respondents and their line managers for their participation/cooperation in the survey.
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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants and their vaccine uptakes n (%)No. of participantsMeningococcal vaccineInfluenza vaccinePneumococcal vaccineUptake OR1 (95%CI)PUptakeOR1 (95%CI)PUptakeOR1 (95%CI)PALLAll Participants138 (100)105 (76.1)94 (68.1)19 (13.8)GenderMale98 (71)69 (70.4)1.0 (ref)61 (62.2)1.0 (ref)14 (14.3)1.0 (ref)Female40 (29)36 (90)3.8 (1.2-11.6)0.01a33 (82.5)2.9 (1.1-7.1)0.02a5 (12.5)0.9 (0.3-2.6)0.78PositionStudents 57 (41.3)41 (71.9)1.0 (ref)36 (63.2)1.0 (ref)7 (12.3)1.0 (ref)Non-student81 (58.7)64 (79)1.5 (0.7-3.2)0.34a58 (71.6)1.5 (0.7-3.0)0.29a12 (14.8)1.2 (0.5-3.4)0.67Allied HCW15 (10.8)11 (73.3)8 (53.3)0 (0)Nurse39 (28.3)31 (79.5)28 (71.8)7 (17.9)Pharmacist5 (3.6)4 (80)5 (100)1 (20)Physician22 (15.9)18 (81.8)17 (77.3)4 (18.2)Attendance to Hajj First time47 (34.1)34 (72.3)1.0 (ref)34 (72.3)1.0 (ref)9 (19.1)1.0 (ref)Not first time91 (65.9)71 (78)1.4 (0.6-3.0)0.4660 (65.9)0.7 (0.3-1.6)0.4510 (11)0.5 (0.2-1.4) 0.192 to 5 times65 (47.1)49 (75.4)39 (60)8 (12.8)> 5 times26 (18.8)22 (84.6)21 (80.8)2 (7.7)Risk groupNot at risk125 (91.9)94 (75.2)1.0 (ref)83 (66.4)1.0 (ref)16 (12.8)1.0 (ref)At risk11 (8.1)9 (81.8)1.5 (0.3-7.5)0.629 (81.8)2.3 (0.5-11)0.293 (27.3)2.6 (0.6-10.6)0.18
1For calculating OR, those who were unsure about their vaccination status were considered unvaccinated. aStatistically significant. OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; ref: Reference value.
Figure 1 Reasons for receipt of vaccines.
Figure 2 Reasons for non-receipt of vaccines.
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