| ISSN |
2220-3249 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
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| Permissions |
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Infectious Diseases |
| Manuscript Type |
Meta-Analysis |
| Article Title |
Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus drug-resistance mutations among individuals with low-level-viremia in low-income and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis
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| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Ibrahim Ahmed El-Imam, Upendo Kayeke Chenya, Jackline Vicent Mbishi, Timothy Antipas Peter, Beatrice Kelvin Mpimo, Nicaise Ndembi, Hafidha Mhando Bakari, Mariam Salim Mbwana, Hassan Fredrick Fussi, Haji Mbwana Ally, Sanad Wael Dababneh and Habib Omari Ramadhani |
| ORCID |
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| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
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| Corresponding Author |
Habib Omari Ramadhani, MD, PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States. homari@ihv.umaryland.edu |
| Key Words |
Low level viremia; Antiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance mutations; Human immunodeficiency virus; Low-income and middle-income countries |
| Core Tip |
Next-generation sequencing enabled successful sequencing and determined drug resistance mutations (DRM) among people with low-level viremia (LLV). Data on the DRM among people with LLV in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) is limited and may help achieve human immunodeficiency virus epidemic control. This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed 7613 people living with human immunodeficiency virus who had LLV from 20 studies conducted in LMIC between 2015 and 2025. Overall, the pooled prevalence of DRM was 50.4%. Pooled prevalence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor-associated mutations were 44.6%, 50.9% and 5.1% respectively. In LMIC, most patients with LLV have resistance mutations and remain on a failed regimen over an extended period. Because resistance testing is not routinely performed in LMIC, lowering the viral failure threshold may hasten patients switch to effective drugs. |
| Publish Date |
2026-03-13 08:28 |
| Citation |
El-Imam IA, Chenya UK, Mbishi JV, Peter TA, Mpimo BK, Ndembi N, Bakari HM, Mbwana MS, Fussi HF, Ally HM, Dababneh SW, Ramadhani HO. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus drug-resistance mutations among individuals with low-level-viremia in low-income and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 114375 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i1/114375.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.114375 |
