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Articles Published Processes
4/23/2026 11:05:46 AM | Browse: 0 | Download: 0
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Received |
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2025-10-09 17:14 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2025-10-09 17:14 |
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First Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2025-10-24 11:09 |
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Return for Revision |
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2025-10-24 11:09 |
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Revised |
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2025-10-31 13:08 |
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Publication Fee Transferred |
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Second Decision by Editor |
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2026-01-05 02:41 |
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Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief |
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Final Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2026-01-05 12:07 |
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Articles in Press |
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2026-01-05 12:07 |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2026-03-31 07:16 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2026-04-23 11:05 |
| ISSN |
2222-0682 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Endocrinology & Metabolism |
| Manuscript Type |
Minireviews |
| Article Title |
Biases of large language models in diagnosing Cushing’s syndrome
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| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Christos Savvidis, Costas Liakopoulos and Ioannis Ilias |
| ORCID |
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| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
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| Corresponding Author |
Ioannis Ilias, Director, MD, PhD, Department of Endocrinology, Hippocration General Hospital of Athens, No. 63 Evrou Street, Athens GR-11527, Attikí, Greece. iiliasmd@yahoo.com |
| Key Words |
Cushing’s syndrome; Diagnostic bias; Large language models; Spectrum bias; Algorithmic fairness |
| Core Tip |
The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome remains challenging due to its rarity and its resemblance to common metabolic disorders. Large language models and other artificial intelligence-capable systems are potential diagnostic tools for early detection and differential diagnosis; nevertheless, they are likely to strengthen both human cognitive and training data biases. Large language models are susceptible to biases in the textual data they are trained on, reflecting human cognitive biases, while traditional machine learning models are susceptible to biases in structured data, leading to spectrum and measurement bias. Spectrum bias, exclusion of demographic variables, and heterogeneity of the data undermine diagnostic validity and justice. These heuristics are similar to clinicians’ mental shortcuts - anchoring, availability, and framing - and share the same diagnostic bias. Transparency, data diversity, and clinically relevant predictors are required to build unbiased, interpretable artificial intelligence solutions for endocrine diagnosis. |
| Publish Date |
2026-04-23 11:05 |
| Citation |
Savvidis C, Liakopoulos C, Ilias I. Biases of large language models in diagnosing Cushing’s syndrome. World J Methodol 2026; 16(2): 115059 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v16/i2/115059.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.115059 |
© 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
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