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Articles Published Processes
3/2/2026 8:37:17 AM | Browse: 1 | Download: 0
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Received |
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2025-10-16 13:19 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2025-10-16 13:19 |
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First Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2025-10-30 09:33 |
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Return for Revision |
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2025-10-30 09:33 |
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Revised |
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2025-11-13 08:28 |
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Publication Fee Transferred |
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Second Decision by Editor |
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2026-01-05 02:39 |
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Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief |
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Final Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2026-01-06 02:11 |
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Articles in Press |
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2026-01-06 02:11 |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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2026-01-17 06:23 |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2026-02-11 09:25 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2026-03-02 08:37 |
| ISSN |
1007-9327 (print) and 2219-2840 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Immunology |
| Manuscript Type |
Editorial |
| Article Title |
Growth differentiation factor 11 reprograms M2-like macrophages: Targeting immunometabolism for cancer therapy
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| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Saeed Mohammadi, Mahmoud Darweesh and Ahmed Al-Harrasi |
| ORCID |
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| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
| Funding Agency |
Grant Number |
| Oman Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation |
No. BFP/RGP/HSS/24/015 |
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| Corresponding Author |
Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, PO Box 33, Nizwa 616, Ad Dakhiliyah, Oman. aharrasi@unizwa.edu.om |
| Key Words |
Growth differentiation factor 11; Macrophages; Immunometabolism; Macrophage polarization; Cancer; Tumor microenvironment; Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Core Tip |
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a potent immunometabolic modulator that can reprogram pro-tumoral M2-like macrophages primarily studied in hepatocellular carcinoma. GDF11 reverses their dysfunctional metabolic state by activating Smad2/3 signaling, restoring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (as indicated by increased oxygen consumption rate), and reducing immunosuppressive cellular cholesterol. This critical metabolic shift induces the production of anti-tumoral cytokines and reactive oxygen species, neutralizing tumor cell proliferation and migration. GDF11 could be a promising, mechanism-based strategy to flip the immune-suppressive microenvironment toward tumor destruction. |
| Publish Date |
2026-03-02 08:37 |
| Citation |
Mohammadi S, Darweesh M, Al-Harrasi A. Growth differentiation factor 11 reprograms M2-like macrophages: Targeting immunometabolism for cancer therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(10): 115371 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i10/115371.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.115371 |
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