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Articles Published Processes
8/24/2026 9:20:54 AM | Browse: 1 | Download: 0
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Received |
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2026-03-17 03:21 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2026-03-17 03:21 |
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First Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2026-04-10 09:06 |
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Return for Revision |
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2026-04-10 09:06 |
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Revised |
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2026-07-06 09:41 |
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Publication Fee Transferred |
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Second Decision by Editor |
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2026-08-06 02:38 |
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Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief |
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Final Decision by Editorial Office Director |
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2026-08-10 10:03 |
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Articles in Press |
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2026-08-10 10:03 |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2026-08-20 01:15 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2026-08-24 09:20 |
| ISSN |
2218-4333 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. |
| Copyright |
©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Immunology |
| Manuscript Type |
Minireviews |
| Article Title |
Advancing interleukin-21 in cancer immunotherapy: Mechanisms of action and clinical translation
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| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Jin-Xiang Wu, Yu-Meng Jin, Wen-Jie Shen, Zi-Hao Chen, Dian-Bao Zuo, Guo-Ping Chen and Kang-Kang Ji |
| ORCID |
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| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
| Funding Agency |
Grant Number |
| Faculty Development Grants of Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine |
XYY2025D05 |
| Faculty Development Grants of Hubei University of Medicine |
2024QDJZR037 |
| Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial Department of Education |
B2024107 |
| Innovative Research Program for Graduates of Hubei University of Medicine |
S202513249008 |
| Yancheng Applied Basic Research Program |
YCBK2025128 |
| Jiangsu Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Program |
JSTJ-2025-934 |
| Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation |
2026AFB022 |
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| Corresponding Author |
Kang-Kang Ji, Associate Research Scientist, PhD, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Binhai Clinical College, Yangzhou University Medical College, No. 299 Haibin Road, Yancheng 224500, Jiangsu Province, China. kyrie@mail.ustc.edu.cn |
| Key Words |
Interleukin-21; Anti-tumor immunity; Combination therapy; Oncology; Cancer immunotherapy; Clinical translation |
| Core Tip |
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) mediates dual antitumor effects by enhancing effector immunity and reducing immunosuppression, primarily through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway, which regulates multiple immune cell types. It has also shown synergistic effects in combination with various cancer therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy. However, clinical translation has been hindered by its short half-life and dose-limiting systemic toxicity. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of IL-21, progress in combination regimens, challenges in clinical development, and recent strategies to optimize its therapeutic use. Our goal is to provide a theoretical basis for developing safer and more effective IL-21-based combination immunotherapies for cancer. |
| Publish Date |
2026-08-24 09:20 |
| Citation |
Wu JX, Jin YM, Shen WJ, Chen ZH, Zuo DB, Chen GP, Ji KK. Advancing interleukin-21 in cancer immunotherapy: Mechanisms of action and clinical translation. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(8): 121101
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| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v17/i8/121101.htm |
| DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.121101 |
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