Publication Name	World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
Manuscript ID	83399
Country	Egypt

Received	2023-01-20 22:50
Peer-Review Started	2023-01-20 22:52
To Make the First Decision
Return for Revision	2023-03-28 08:27
Revised	2023-03-28 15:30
Second Decision	2023-04-17 03:08
Accepted by Journal Editor-in-Chief
Accepted by Company Editor-in-Chief	2023-04-18 01:23
Articles in Press	2023-04-18 01:23
Publication Fee Transferred
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor	2023-04-14 23:59
Typeset the Manuscript	2023-05-05 01:40
Publish the Manuscript Online	2023-05-08 09:01

ISSN	2218-6247 (online)
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Category	Neurosciences
Manuscript Type	Review
Article Title	Post-COVID-19 persistent olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal chemosensory disorders: Definitions, mechanisms,and potential treatments
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	Sherifa Ahmed Hamed
ORCID	Author(s) ORCID Number Sherifa Ahmed Hamed http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1441-3530
Funding Agency and Grant Number
Corresponding Author	Sherifa Ahmed Hamed, MD, Professor, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Street, Assiut 71516, Egypt. hamedsherifa@aun.edu.eg
Key Words	COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Coronaviruses; Olfactory and gustatory chemosensory disorders; Anosmia; Ageusia; Parosmia; Neuronal degeneration; Neurogenesis
Core Tip	Smell loss is the most frequent acute manifestation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Persistent smell disorders (deficits and distortions) are the most frequent viral complications. Taste and flavor disorders are also complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection but at lower frequencies compared to smell disorders. It has been found that SARS-CoV-2 has a 4 times more affinity to infect the olfactory epithelium compared to other human coronaviruses. The mechanisms of these disorders have been explored mainly based on animal models of anosmia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has been suggested that the post-coronavirus disease 2019 transient smell loss might be due to viral infection to the olfactory non-neuronal epithelial cells (particularly the susentacular cells) which are important for the health of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). These cells rapidly regenerate after injury, within 1-3 wk, and restore smell function. Persistent smell disorders have been suggested to be due to injury of OSNs, disorganization of the olfactory epithelium, altered expression of olfactory receptors, and impaired olfactory neurogenesis. These cells require ≥ 3 mo to regenerate and restore function depending on the severity and type of injury. Taste disorders have been suggested to be due to viral infection of taste buds, disruption of the activity of the salivary glands, inflammation of the gustatory epithelium, and injury to the taste sensory cells. Treatment of these disorders is a medical challenge, and none of the available pharmacotherapies or interventions which are used to treat similar disorders due to other causes, showed curative effect.
Publish Date	2023-05-08 09:01
Citation	Hamed SA. Post-COVID-19 persistent olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal chemosensory disorders: Definitions, mechanisms, and potential treatments. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 10(2): 4-22
URL	https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6247/full/v10/i2/4.htm
DOI	https://dx.doi.org/10.5319/wjo.v10.i2.4

Full Article (PDF)	WJO-10-4.pdf
Full Article (Word)	WJO-10-4.docx
Manuscript File	83399_Auto_Edited-HZ-WangTQ-JLW.docx
Answering Reviewers	83399-Answering reviewers.pdf
Audio Core Tip	83399-Audio core tip.m4a
Conflict-of-Interest Disclosure Form	83399-Conflict-of-interest statement.pdf
Copyright License Agreement	83399-Copyright license agreement.pdf
Non-Native Speakers of English Editing Certificate	83399-Language certificate.pdf
Peer-review Report	83399-Peer-review(s).pdf
Scientific Editor Work List	83399-Scientific editor work list.pdf