| ISSN |
1007-9327 (print) and 2219-2840 (online) |
| Open Access |
This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Copyright |
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
|
| Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
|
| Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
| Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
| Category |
Gastroenterology & Hepatology |
| Manuscript Type |
Minireviews |
| Article Title |
Rectal neuroendocrine tumors: Current advances in management, treatment, and surveillance
|
| Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
| All Author List |
Camilla Gallo, Roberta Elisa Rossi, Federica Cavalcoli, Federico Barbaro, Ivo Boškoski, Pietro Invernizzi and Sara Massironi |
| ORCID |
|
| Funding Agency and Grant Number |
|
| Corresponding Author |
Sara Massironi, MD, PhD, Doctor, Doctor, Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi, 33, Monza 20900, Italy. s.massironi@asst-monza.it |
| Key Words |
Rectal neuroendocrine tumors; Endoscopy; Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Resectable advanced disease; Systemic therapy |
| Core Tip |
Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (r-NENs) represent 1%-2% of all rectal tumors, but an increasing incidence rate has been recently reported. Up to 90% of r-NENs are < 10 mm in size, confined to the submucosa, and well-differentiated, so that the endoscopic resection represents their gold-standard therapy. Advanced metastatic NENs are usually poorly differentiated G3 carcinomas treated with chemotherapy, except for rare G1-G2 neoplasms, which can be targeted with less aggressive systemic options. Locally advanced r-NENs invading submucosal layers, with a ≥ 10 mm diameter, but still without distant metastases, represent the real therapeutic challenge among rectal tumors. |
| Publish Date |
2022-03-17 03:25 |
| Citation |
Gallo C, Rossi RE, Cavalcoli F, Barbaro F, Boškoski I, Invernizzi P, Massironi S. Rectal neuroendocrine tumors: Current advances in management, treatment, and surveillance. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(11): 1123-1138 |
| URL |
https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i11/1123.htm |
| DOI |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i11.1123 |
