Publication Name	World Journal of Gastroenterology
Manuscript ID	81254
Country	Greece

Received	2022-10-31 15:07
Peer-Review Started	2022-10-31 15:08
First Decision by Editorial Office Director	2023-02-02 08:00
Return for Revision	2023-02-02 08:00
Revised	2023-02-17 15:06
Publication Fee Transferred
Second Decision by Editor	2023-04-07 01:06
Second Decision by Editor-in-Chief
Final Decision by Editorial Office Director	2023-04-07 03:30
Articles in Press	2023-04-07 03:30
Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor
Typeset the Manuscript	2023-04-15 06:05
Publish the Manuscript Online	2023-04-24 11:14

ISSN	1007-9327 (print) and 2219-2840 (online)
Open Access	This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: Https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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Category	Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Manuscript Type	Review
Article Title	SARS-CoV-2 induced liver injury: Incidence, risk factors, impact on COVID-19 severity and prognosis in different population groups
Manuscript Source	Invited Manuscript
All Author List	George D Liatsos
ORCID	Author(s) ORCID Number George D Liatsos http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8203-2748
Funding Agency and Grant Number
Corresponding Author	George D Liatsos, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Vassilisis Sofias 114, TK 11527, Athens 11527, Attiki, Greece. geoliatsos@yahoo.gr
Key Words	Direct hepatocyte injury; Immuno-thromboinflammation; Endotheliopathy; Cytokine storm; Liver injury; COVID-19
Core Tip	Following respiratory system, liver is the second most involved organ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Besides the well-observed cholangiocyte tropism, typical severe acute respiratory distress syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Lesions indicated by ultrastructural and histological evidence, identification of replicating SARS-CoV-2, S and nucleocapsid proteins RNAs within hepatocytes, as well as intrahepatic virus observation by electron microscopy and in-situ hybridization, converge to the conclusion that SARS-CoV-2 may also be hepatotropic. Most prevalent mechanisms of COVID-19-related liver injury are hypercytokinemia with “bystander hepatitis”, cytokine storm syndrome with subsequent oxidative stress, endotheliopathy and immuno-thromboinflammation. Depending on the grade of their abnormalities, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, (mostly peak) alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, ferritin, interleukin-6, -10) and decreased albumin levels are independent discriminators of COVID-19 severity and mortality. Age, male gender, chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are independent prognostic factors of unfavorable COVID-19 outcomes.
Publish Date	2023-04-24 11:14
Citation	Liatsos GD. SARS-CoV-2 induced liver injury: Incidence, risk factors, impact on COVID-19 severity and prognosis in different population groups. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(16): 2397-2432
URL	https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i16/2397.htm
DOI	https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i16.2397

Full Article (PDF)	WJG-29-2397.pdf
Full Article (Word)	WJG-29-2397.docx
Manuscript File	81254_Auto_Edited-JLW.docx
Answering Reviewers	81254-Answering reviewers.pdf
Audio Core Tip	81254-Audio core tip.mp3
Conflict-of-Interest Disclosure Form	81254-Conflict-of-interest statement.pdf
Copyright License Agreement	81254-Copyright license agreement.pdf
Non-Native Speakers of English Editing Certificate	81254-Language certificate.pdf
Peer-review Report	81254-Peer-review(s).pdf
Scientific Misconduct Check	81254-Bing-Li L-2.png
Scientific Editor Work List	81254-Scientific editor work list.pdf
CrossCheck Report	81254-CrossCheck report.pdf
CrossCheck Report	81254-CrossCheck.png