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Articles Published Processes
11/12/2015 7:10:00 PM | Browse: 1091 | Download: 1917
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Received |
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2015-06-24 08:29 |
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Peer-Review Started |
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2015-06-26 17:18 |
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To Make the First Decision |
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2015-08-16 17:31 |
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Return for Revision |
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2015-08-26 08:50 |
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Revised |
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2015-09-06 00:54 |
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Second Decision |
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2015-10-08 12:24 |
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Accepted by Journal Editor-in-Chief |
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2015-10-09 00:42 |
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Accepted by Executive Editor-in-Chief |
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2015-10-19 15:35 |
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Articles in Press |
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2015-10-19 15:35 |
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Publication Fee Transferred |
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Edit the Manuscript by Language Editor |
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Typeset the Manuscript |
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2015-10-26 11:36 |
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Publish the Manuscript Online |
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2015-11-12 18:51 |
ISSN |
2150-5349 (online) |
Open Access |
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
Copyright |
© The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. |
Article Reprints |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/247
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Permissions |
For details, please visit: http://www.wjgnet.com/bpg/gerinfo/207
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Publisher |
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA |
Website |
http://www.wjgnet.com |
Category |
Gastroenterology & Hepatology |
Manuscript Type |
Review |
Article Title |
Pharmacotherapy for the management of achalasia: Current status, challenges and future directions
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Manuscript Source |
Invited Manuscript |
All Author List |
Ammar Nassri and Zeeshan Ramzan |
Funding Agency and Grant Number |
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Corresponding Author |
Zeeshan Ramzan, MD, Assistant Professor, Gastrointestinal Section, Department of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Healthcare System, 4500 S. Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216, United States. zeeshanramzan@hotmail.com |
Key Words |
Botulinum toxin; Botox; Achalasia; Pharmacotherapy; Sprouting inhibitors |
Core Tip |
Botulinum toxin (BT) injection is the most common and effective pharmacological therapy used in the treatment of achalasia, and is commonly used in the elderly, those with multiple comorbidities, patients at high risk for surgery and as a salvage therapy. This article discusses new advances related to the pharmacological management of achalasia that may help to optimize minimally invasive treatment approaches in patients with achalasia, and discusses improvements in endoscopic injection techniques, the use of sclerosants, new BT formulations, alternate serotypes, sprouting inhibitors and designer recombinant BT formulations. |
Publish Date |
2015-11-12 18:51 |
Citation |
Nassri A, Ramzan Z. Pharmacotherapy for the management of achalasia: Current status, challenges and future directions. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6(4): 145-155 |
URL |
http://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v6/i4/145.htm |
DOI |
http://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.145 |
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